## **LAGOON SCENARIOS FOR THE BASSA FRIULANA PLAIN: A FLOODING ARCHIPELAGO**

Adriano Venudo1 , Valentina Rodani2 , Valentina Devescovi3 1DIA, Department of Engineering and Architecture University of Trieste (Italy) phone: +39 3472921588, email: avenudo@units.it 2DIA, Department of Engineering and Architecture – University of Trieste (Italy) e-mail: valentina.rodani@phd.units.it

3 DIA, Department of Engineering and Architecture – University of Trieste (Italy) e-mail: valentina@devescovi.it

**Abstract** – The territory of the Bassa Friulana plain has been the arena of constant adaptation and alteration between lands and waters over the centuries. The matrix of geomorphological features characterized by the alluvial origin of the Tagliamento river artery and by the presence of *risorgive* expound an emblematic case of the landscape of flux. Moreover, the socio-economical conditions incessantly adapted through the assortment of landscapes: forestry (from the ancestral *silva lupanica* to the exploited pine forest), both extensive and intensive farming (from the *agro-centuriatio* to the *manso*, then the great land reclamation and urbanization), energy and tourism (as in the seaside town of Grado or in the fishing Marano Lagunare which pressurize the lagoon). Indeed, par excellence is a landscape of transition and a fragile subject to climate change, albeit an extreme laboratory to cope with its multidimensional impacts. The research aims to investigate the complexity and uncertainty related to the transformation of this territory, through the connection between retro-coastal morphological evidence and embedded resilience. The paper first focuses on the morphological history of a landscape unit, consisting of biological deserts and wrecks of the endangered landscape. Secondly, it analyzes and elaborates hydrological scenarios to explore and discuss potential design strategies. The research hypothesis advances that the hydrological risk represents an intrinsic and retroactive vulnerability of the area that, if recognized, could be adapted and mitigated. The water margin continuity could be recovered, restored and monitored through the development of flooding strategies to respond to possible future fluctuations. In conclusion, the form of the archipelago emerges as a specificity of the landscape unit. More than a metaphor but as a conceptual and programmatic dispositive, the archipelago can inform on the dynamic structure of the Bassa Friulana complex system within an ecological framework.

# **Introduction. Coast and lagoon territories: Friulian deserts**

*A drifting landscape of flux –* The Bassa Friulana plain is a territory in the north-east of Italy that extends from the easternmost edge of the Po Valley to the karst plateau of the Monfalconese area, within a strip of land between the *risorgive* and the lagoon edge of Marano and Grado, where the distance between the Alpine belt and the Adriatic coast compresses almost to disappear. It is historically and culturally marked by the combination of lands and waters. On the one hand, the former's settlement and development were subordinated to the control of the latter. On the other, the different degrees of resistance between anthropic action

348 FUP Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing (DOI 10.36253/fup\_best\_practice)

Adriano Venudo, Valentina Rodani, Valentina Devescovi, *Lagoon scenarios for the Bassa Friulana plain: a flooding archipelago,* pp. 348-362, © 2020 Author(s), CC BY 4.0 International, DOI 10.36253/978-88-5518-147-1.35

and environmental pre-existences gave shape to such heterogeneity, a compendium of the universe [1], or a mosaic of landscapes. The matrix of geomorphological features characterized by the alluvial origin of the artery of the Tagliamento river and by the presence of springs make this territory an emblematic case of transition landscape. The waters of normal flow sink into the more permeable and gravelly soils like the *magredi* in the high plain; once they resurface from the clayey and sandy soils of the lower plain, giving rise to the phenomenon of *risorgive*. Land depressions and elevations decline several water shapes, from natural springs such as the *olle* (catiniform) and *fontanai* (irregular in shape) to low bogs and wet meadows, swamps and waterways, nearly the lagoon. The *risorgive* belt embodies the watershed between the most refractory dry plain and the humid one. The latter was once a highly differentiated riparian and plain woods, a habitat of meadows, such as the ancient *magna silva* (or *silva lupanica*, localized between the river Isonzo and Livenza, *phaetontea*, from Livenza towards the west, and the *silva diomedea*, from the Isonzo towards the karst) [2], whose permanence has been questioned continuously by the action of man, resulting today in scarse wrecks.

*The shape of water: from the agro-centuriatio to the manso –* To inhabit this plain, the man had to deal with the absence at least as much as with the multifaceted presence, sometimes generating but sometimes destructive, of the waters. There are two settlement structures that, declined in a great variety of morphologies, have stratified over time: the first, in the plain close to the springs, confirms the matrix of the road and hydraulic infrastructure of the *agro-centuriatio*, forming a network of rural and close-knit villages, where the population was mainly peasant. Instead, the second, found in the lower plain, develops in a more dilated network of villages integrated with the *mansi*. Wetlands guarded vast, empty and cultivated fallows, alternated with grasslands and forests inhabited mostly by shepherds or cattle breeders and with roads branching out in all directions. Both configurations are supported by a vibrant hydrological network which, starting from the river arteries, crucial for commercial exchanges, has fed open-air aqueducts, such as the irrigation ditches, flanked to a greater extent by other forms for the collection of rainwater, such as wells, ponds, cisterns, and tanks. However, none of these solutions has ever been sufficient to solve the problem of conserving water for periods of drought in the most permeable plain just north of the springs, nor to regulate its vast presence to make all the lands in the plains humid and productive. The lowland forest played a vital role in the territory's fluctuating development; it represented the margin between these two forms of settlement, never precise but extremely manipulated by anthropic action. In fact, the forest undergoes the Roman settlement logic, as a precious resource of wood and game, with radical interventions of selective reclamation, deforestation and tillage of the lands. However, it also becomes a refuge from incursions and gradually recovers only with the abandonment of the countryside and the swamp during the Lombard occupation to then reach maximum expansion with the Hungarians' invasions. The subsequent repopulation of the plain through the Slavic colonization is partial to the disadvantage of the forest mantle. This collective heritage will be very slowly incorporated into the villages, partly protected with the regulations of the Serenissima Republic but, since the end of the 19th century, progressively annihilated.

*The shape of the city: from the manso to the metropolis –* At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Bassa Friulana landscape was rich of hygrophilous scrub, woods of hard essences, shrubs combined with meadows and wet meadows that, according to historical cartography, extended for about 5000 ha. Nevertheless, thanks to the increase in agricultural activity and the land reorganization of the large agricultural villas, which partially eroded the forest heritage, but above all starting from the significant reclamation works on the plain, it takes less than a century to halve them. Massive deforestation combined with necessary interventions on several stages of construction of the network of reclamation canals, which govern the *risorgive* waters, those of meteoric origin and the floating ones of the lagoon with the embankments, rationalize the waters by converting the lands into surfaces for production and consumption. After World War II, the surviving forest heritage corresponds to 700 ha [3] fragmented in islands surrounded by extensive agricultural fields and intensive fish farms, only half of which has survived. It is a profound and rapid transformation of the meaning attributed by the population to waters and lands. That persistent element, not traceable in the building constructions but the totality of the settlement structure of a rural metropolis, historically very differentiated, that is the shape of the city [4], almost automatically undergoes the tyranny of the right angle giving rise to a physical and social structure summed up in the word Los Angeles [5]. The result and assiduity of the recent urbanization process, of which man began to be globally aware in the early 1960s but locally only in recent decades, is apocalyptic and configures a permanent emergency condition. Suffice it to say that in the post-lagoon zone, the drainage of wetlands, the depletion of groundwater, and soil loss have reduced natural geomorphology to a minimum. It accelerated the phenomenon of subsidence structuring a substantial hydraulic instability. 12300 ha of land (equal to approximately 18.6 % of the area) are below sea level and the 566 km of the surface hydrographic network is joined by 698 km of canals that require continuous maintenance with defense and safeguard works. In three-quarters of the lands, the intensive and semi-intensive rural landscape dominates (50600 ha, equal to 76.5 % of the area). It consists of extensive crops, only in microscopic part, together with the anthropic areas, which fragment and isolate the 4996 ha of natural environments and wrecks (of which approximately 1900 ha of floodplain and riparian forests, 645 ha of lowland oak forest, 428 ha of stable meadows of anthropogenic origin, 82 ha of wet herbaceous environments, 50 ha of peat bogs low alkaline, 54 ha of small strips of dry grasslands and about 123 ha of fertilized grasslands) [6].

*Friulian deserts: biological non-place and wrecks –* This landscape of transition has been the stage of constant and mutual adaptation over the centuries. The socio-economical transformations gave shape to the waters through the agro-pastoral development of the territory. However, this relation reached a breaking point since man destroyed the shape of the city through extensive, invasive and rapid urbanization. The aqueduct solved the problem of drought where waters were once collected by the bronze fabric dotted with mills, wells and cisterns. While the network of canals and the land reclamation rationalized terrains, which became productive and attractive, ready for use as well as abuse, where the abundant waters nourished once dynamically humid grasslands and forests. That territory characterized by the presence of springs and the lagoon has been subject to more than a century of invasive anthropic transformations and the evident effects of climate change. These changing and adaptable margins are the most fragile landscape, today in crisis. The exploitation and reclamation of lands and the development of mass tourism, at least as much as the implementation of monocultural and intensive farming, have produced a systemic environmental upheaval, enabling the manufacture of a new landscape: the deserts of Friuli. Comparable to metropolitan non-places [7], these surfaces of biological desertification are landscapes of production, which, in addition to being the cause, amplify the effects of climate change in recent decades, such as the intensification of abundant rainfall, the rise of temperature and sea level, and subsidence. These phenomena represent agents of fragmentation of habitats and of the collective landscapes mosaic plain which risks, and it currently is to a certain degree, the irreversible and unavoidable conversion into an archipelago of wrecks. Indeed, it suggests a landscape of transition extremely fragile to climate change, but also a radical laboratory to experiment with its multidimensional impacts. The recognition of morphological evidence indicates a history of adaptability and constant landscape combination, so it is possible to hypothesize that the margin between land and waters acted as a dynamic network, both selfregulatory distance and dispositive of differentiation as well. Furthemore, the hydrogeological risk can be investigated as a structural vulnerability of the landscape unit, exploring its resilience potential through the analysis of lagoon-based scenarios. This indicates that starting from the acknowledgment of past, present and projected water margins it is possible to explore strategies of recovery, restoration or transformation of the landscape. Whether as a result of anthropic pressure on the lagoon or its inherent structure, the Bassa Friulana plain is clearly sinking. That is to say, what if the Bassa Friulana plain would be transformed into a floodscape [8]?

Figure 1 - Friulian deserts: biological non-place and wrecks. Photograph of a portion of the "reclamation campaign" near the Marano Lagoon, between Latisana and Lignano Sabbiadoro (Udine).

# **Materials and Methods. The square and the hexagon**

The landscape unit consists of a coastal strip ranging from 2 km to 8 km of the Bassa Friuliana plain, which surrounds Marano and Grado's natural lagoon reserves, extending from the Tagliamento river near Latisana [9] to the Monfalconese karst near Aquileia1 . The case

<sup>1</sup> The landscape unit has been recently investigated in the *Green Plan of the Municipality of Latisana* (Environmental Plan L.10/2013) by the *Integrated design laboratory of city, territory and landscape* (a.y. 2019-20 Master degree in Architecture of the Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste); Venudo A., Ceschin, E., Del Fabbro Machado, L. (2020) - *laboratorio PAESAGGIO LATISANA*, EUT, Trieste.

study is investigated through quantitative and qualitative data analysis, then processed through a landscape mapping and scenario analyses. Firstly, the data collection reviewed the cartographic materials retrieved from historical and land use sources, with a specific focus on landscape morphology, for instance, the evolution of plain woods, the transformation of historical wetlands due to the great reclamation and the changes related to waterscapes (as waterways and coastlines). Moreover, the consultation of specific literature (as archaeological studies, local history, ethnographic researches) informed the groundwork map, representing the landscape unit state of the art. Successively, the map has been superimposed with the scenario analyses developed by FVG Region in the study and evaluation of the impacts of climate change on coastal areas, then revised with the PAI scenarios which produced comprehensive zoning of the hydrogeological risk for the Marano and Grado lagoon basins [10, 11]. These scenarios consider the components of sea rise and lowering of the soil within a time interval at 2100, corresponding to +54 cm, +94 cm and +134 cm of potential flooding, which in the latter case would imply the doubling of the currently depressed surface. The superimposition of the landscape unit state of the art with the scenario simulations displays a preliminary map (Figure 2), representing the lagoon scenario for the Bassa Friulana plain. Secondly, the mapping process has been informed through morphological analysis. The investigation of landscape matrix and spatial structure (Figure 3), the hydrographic basin (Figure 4), the infrastructural network (Figure 5) highlighted the configuration of a surviving territorial archipelago.

Figure 2 - The spatial matrix of the territory is generated by the grid, which abstracts the ancient Roman *centuriatio,* and by the orographic structure. Given the close relationship between the elements, it follows that the most populated areas are those with the most significant hydrogeological risk.

Figure 3 - The hydrographic basin evidences the anthropic pressure on waters control, as in the isotropic and vast network of embankments.

Figure 4 - The hexagonal mesh characterizes the settlements' spatial structure and its infrastructural network, which connects the territory in a capillary way.

Figure 5 - In the future scenario, maintaining the territory's structural characteristics, the archipelago of the Bassa Friulana plain will be created, making the area habitable, safe and healthy, promoting self-regulation of ecological dynamics, supporting the needs for change.

Figure 6 - Lagoons scenarios for the Bassa Friulana plain: a flooding archipelago.

## **Results. Archipelago e land reclamation: new costal landscapes**

The mapping process of the geomorphological structure of the territory and the hydrographic and infrastructural networks on the PAIR scenarios have highlighted some critical issues, but also various potentials. Whether as a result of historical and morphological analyses or projective scenarios, the Bassa Friulana plain has clearly an embedded resilience.

The result of the analysis and interpretation work was summarized in the "map of the archipelago" of the Bassa Friulana (Figure 6) shown above. This is an extreme, but not improbable, vision and the case studies analyzed demonstrate it. The rebalancing of manenvironment-settlements must inevitably go through a phase of recovery of the "original landscape", which was generated on environmental dynamics of self-regulation, in particular for the management of water cycles, regulation of outflows following of rainfall intense (waterbomb) and of self-containment of possible flooding, which should be remembered that generated, over two thousand years ago, the well-known "flooded forest", which still today is the landscape matrix of the unity of the landscape "Bassa Pianura Friulana e Isontina" (AP10) and the landscape unit "Laguna e Costa" (AP12) [12]. The trend scenarios outline three areas subject to the risk of "hydraulic danger" in a time gap of 100 years. In the archipelago map we recognized the structural areas with which to associate the strategies of self-regulation, controlled flooding, restoration land reclamation (oasification) and migration. These environmental strategies will act on the structural components and territorial dynamics in the short, medium and long term.

These three hydraulic scenarios have been set with a "return time" that is now more than acceptable (100 years), this choice is supported by the results of the rainfall, analyzing the trend of the rainfall curves of the last twenty years of the Osmer FVG [13]. The rainfall monitoring confirms the choices of the time indicators for the scenarios (100 years) and are consistent with the other environmental data collected: temperature trends, progress of desertification processes in agricultural lands, reduction of the level of biodiversity. All this is due to the phenomena of ecological fragmentation. The coincidence of all these environmental data and the overlap with the data on the settlement dynamics lead to a single result: in these perilagunar territories, the "Friulian deserts", the territorial planning must necessarily start from the environmental reorganization, to avoid natural disasters and catastrophes, but above all to be able to manage the territory over time at lower costs, and triggering more natural and spontaneous processes. For these reasons, ecological networks (RER) and landscape systems (Udp) can no longer be only indicators, but will have to become the new vector for territorial and large urban planning. According to this approach, the environmental frame becomes an urban and territorial frame.

Considering all this, we hypothesized environmental dynamics related to water management to achieve these territorial layouts, using some strategies in the project areas, which consider environmental structures and units as settlement figures for urban development and reorganization:

#### *The islands:*



#### *The waterways:*


<sup>2</sup> We report below two important geomorphological studies on the role of basins and salt marshes (barene) of the Grado and Marano Lagoon for naturalistic dynamics: Fontolon G. (2010) *Le trasformazioni ambientali della Laguna di Grado e Marano*, ArpaFVG rapporto tecnico UNITS, Trieste; Fontolon G. Covelli S. (2013), *Studio delle aree barenicole della Laguna di Grado e Marano*, ArpaFVG rapporto tecnico UNITS, Trieste.

hydromorphological transformation is the main source of naturalness of the entire lagoon habitat [14], but on the contrary it is also the main problem for the survival of the settlement systems developed on the perilagunar territories. The scenarios that we have elaborated are a proposal to rebalance the environment-human settlements, which starts from the role of water as an environmental frame and a continuity device for the reconstruction of the ecological lagoon network, but above all of the self-regulation processes, which they are based on controlled flooding and on the circulation of "descending and ascending" waters (tidal flows, and dynamics of sandbanks).


<sup>3</sup> Topos magazine was one of the first landscape architecture magazines to dedicate monographic issues to these water retention systems and hydraulic devices for collecting and infiltrating the aquifer integrated into the overall design of public spaces, parks or entire and vast countryside areas. Topos in the early 2000s published the following 2 issues to these topics: *Water. Design and Management*, Topos n.59/2007, and *Water. Resource and Threat*, Topos n.68/2009.

## **Discussion. Restoration land reclamation and oasification**

#### *Criticality and potential of the results*

The "study process" through the mapping of the geomorphological structure of the territory, the hydrographic and infrastructural networks on the PAIR scenarios has highlighted some critical issues and potential. Among these, we highlight the management of water, which on the one hand is necessary for the survival of settlement systems and crops and on the other is a process that progressively reduces the overall level of biodiversity of the lagoon ecosystem. The changeability of the geomorphological structure is the origin of the natural processes that constantly regenerate by exchanging between lagoon and perilagunar habitats (land reclamation), but it is also the origin of the fragility of the settlement system, in contrast to the rigidity of the system fragility, while for settlements it is a safety factor. If we look at the system as a whole, the loss of biodiversity, however, is not positive for anyone, as it leads to greater expenses for ecosystem services, which then transfer to social cost. The scenarios that we proposed arise from an existing antithetical condition, and aim to build a new balance, which arises from the recovery of an original, pre-reclaimed territorial structure, therefore already inherent in the landscape matrices and in the environmental units of the Lagoon of Grado and Marano.

The restoration land reclamation (oasification) is a first solution capable of reconfiguring the environmental and landscape continuity of the peri-lagoon territories, the basic condition for the formation of environmental frames. Bringing water back to the reclaimed lands may seem a little pragmatic, but in reality the analysis of various case studies such as the case of Val Padusa, Cassa del Quadrone and wetlands in the lower Bolognese [16], but also the case experimental, already implemented in this area, in Fossalon, near the Grado Lagoon and the Cona Island, at the mouth of the Isonzo river [17], show how reversibility has worked, especially in terms of time, because it has been shown that marine habitats reform faster and easier than others. The consequent problem is constituted by the consolidation of the same, which should in this case, given the heavy anthropic action of man carried out so far, be accompanied by various types of actions (environmental restoration, renaturalization, monitoring of the seabed and cover-up phenomena, analysis of the processes of modification of the chemical compositions of the soil, reintroductions of birdlife, etc.), especially for the areas cultivated since the 1926 reclamation to date, and then the land reclamation of the 1920s as well as responding to a need for land to be cultivated, they were the solution to various diseases, including malaria, the most important. Today, however, technology and medicine, together with a series of hydraulic devices (water oxygenation) could reduce, if not completely eliminate the latter problem. The return to the pre-remediation condition (oasification) and the archipelago structure are the most relevant results of this research: both for the analysis documents and for the techniques with which we have reconstructed the knowledge framework. Another important fact that we have discovered are the dynamics that led to the current structure (criticality / potential). Understanding the dynamics allowed us to elaborate the overall visions and the detailed project proposals. Restoration land reclamation (oasification) and archipelago are two ideas-tools [18]. The instrument idea is a conceptual device and a programmatic approach4 , which has allowed us to design a masterplan for the entire territory of the Lower Friuli and Isontina Plain (coast and lagoon territory), which integrates the environmental frame and

<sup>4</sup> I The concept of "idea-tool" was developed by Franco Purini in 1997 and published in: Purini F. (2000), *Comporre l'architettura*, Laterza, Roma-Bari, pag.29.

settlement models to provide a solution to the problem of ecological fragmentation, and more generally, to the problem of Friulian deserts, without however completely erasing them: in summary we propose to "planning and design with nature" [19].

#### *Criticality and potential of the method*

This is a "qualitative" research, it is certainly partial and not exhaustive, and has several problems, which emerged during the mapping. The limit of this method is often linked to the precision of the georeferencing of historical cartography, and the relative level of approximation of the position of the individual territorial systems. We have completed the reconstruction of the territorial knowledge framework also with a screening of historicalliterary treatments taken from excerpts from literature, historical and archaeological research and local history texts (especially on land reclamation, economics and agricultural society) and ethnographic research. There are many local authorities that govern this territory, and this implies a strong disaggregation of data, which in some cases are also conflicting and inconsistent between them. In these cases we have reworked the data by interpolation. This research is therefore a qualitative investigation with a transdisciplinary character to solve territorial problems. A substantial part of the study derives from the objective data of the soil: in the geometry of the countryside, in the morphology of rural settlements (farmhouses), in the plant wrecks along ditches and drainage channels and in the conformation of the banks along the lagoon eaves. The method of combining these indicators and the syncretic reading of these traces and landshape constitutes an important method for the reconstruction of the landscape matrices and the basic environmental units of the perilaguna territory of the land reclamation: the Friulian deserts.

Figure 7 - Friulian deserts: portion of land reclamation, area of the case study: Land reclamation of Fossalon between the island of Cona and Grado.

## **Conclusion.** *City beyond the city, or city that floats on the city*

The specificity of the Low Friulian Plain consists in the totality of the territorial form generated by the water and of the settlement structure (Tentori 1983), which without considering the historical and morphological analyzes on the landscape, can still be read today as an archipelago, a territorial figure, an instrument of reading and project. This territorial figure as a planning tool was thus described by Rem Koolhaas and Oswald Mathias Ungers in 1977 in *The city in the city. Berlin: a green archipelago*:

["*For ten years, the notion of urban archipelago or city-archipelago has been increasingly recurrent in the debate on urbanism, since they well describe both the way in which develop urban territories and because they explicitly explain how they should be designed. In our metropolitan condition, where the explosion of urban or suburban phenomena has individually blurred the distinction between city and countryside, this "terraqueuse" figure, borrowed from physical geography, suddenly seems to impose itself in the field of human geography as a capable meta form to translate and structure the shapeless, éclatée, diffuse, dispersed or multipolar city. Plural and identity at the same time, shaped by all the imaginary of navigation, it conveys the promise of a new convention or a new dialectic on the city and the territory, nature and culture, which overcome the classic opposition between cities and countryside. We can say that the archipelago is today one of the great possible figures of the hyper-city or the post-urban metropolis, able to overcome the obsolete dialectic between city and countryside "* by S. Marot, in F.Hertweck, S. Marot, *La Ville Dans La Ville: Berlin: Un Archipel Vert*, Lars Muller Publishers, Baden, 2013]

Our case study obviously has a different scale, urban layout and settlement origin, but, to paraphrase Koolhaas and Ungers, we could talk about *city beyond the city, or city that floats on the city*. The use of this figure together with the strategy of restoration land reclamation have allowed us to draw up territorial scenarios and to elaborate an overall masterplan for the Friulian deserts, which starts from the concept of renaturalization, from the need to increase biodiversity by reducing fragmentation. In summary we propose to reconstruct the environmental continuity (through the restoration land reclamation) at different scales, then to configure through the watershape (considered both as form and as matter: solid water) an ecological perilagunar network for the Friulian deserts, which, however, is also new at the same time settlement form: a new landshape. This approach and the first results allow us to continue the development of research in architectural themes, therefore studying new settlement typologies consistent with the coastal archipelago of the Low Friulian Plain and its genesis. We have already started to identify these new water living forms in "lagoon shelters", "agro desert camps" and "stilt countryhouses".

Figure 8 - Experimental settlement typologies for Friulian deserts, from left: "lagoon shelters", "agro desert camps" and "stilt countryhouses".

## **Acknowledgements**

We would like to acknowledge the contribution and support of the *Municipality of Latisana Green Plan* research group (Eleonora Ceschin, Luca Del Fabbro Machado, Pier Luigi Martorana, Marco Croatto) and the *Integrated design laboratory of city, territory and landscape* a.y. 2018-19 of the University of Trieste (Alfredo Altobelli, Alessandra Marin,Sonia Prestamburgo), for their engagement in the investigation on the landscape unit.

Our thanks go to prof. Giovanni Fraziano who provided valuable perspective and inspiring insight into the landscape unit as advisor of two master thesis [Gianluca Calligaris e Lorenzo Rigonat].

We are very grateful to prof. Giovanni Corbellini, who encouraged the critical discussion and review of Francesco Tentori's "Abitare nella pianura Friulana" since the exhibition and seminar *Fahreneit Tentori* held in IUAV on November 11th, 2019. This research represents a first attempt to enlighten it.

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