This essay explores the historical and sociological evolution of racism, tracing its transformation from early biological and cultural forms to contemporary economic expressions. While classical racism was rooted in pseudo-scientific notions of racial superiority, modern racism has become more subtle, often serving as a tool for legitimizing labor exploitation, particularly in the context of immigration. A key focus is placed on the agricultural sector in Italy, where migrant workers—especially in regions like Tuscany—face systemic forms of exploitation through temporary contracts, subcontracting practices, and exclusionary immigration policies. These dynamics give rise to new forms of racialized labor relations and institutional racism, where subordination extends beyond economics to include symbolic and cultural dimensions. The essay argues that racism and exploitation are deeply interconnected and cannot be addressed separately. To counter these trends, it calls for inclusive policies and a cultural shift that places social justice and integration at the center of public debate.