It re-examines the consequences of the conquest of Mexico and presents new interpretative approaches from various disciplines. Both in what is now Mexico and in the other regions conquered by the Spanish, hybrid forms of thought, representation and intellectuality were established as a result of prolonged contact between indigenous peoples and European settlers. The contributions in this volume seek to overcome simple dichotomies between perpetrators and victims and show, instead, that the processes of appropriation, exploration, observation, and description have always been complex and interrelated. To this end, they draw attention to marginal figures, secondary settings and ephemeral literary genres that have long been overshadowed by a history dominated by supposed heroes and often unidirectional narratives. The volume essentially adopts two perspectives: on the one hand, it proposes approaches to a material history of the conquest; on the other, it focuses on the history of knowledge over the centuries. In this way, it de-centres the traditional narrative of the encounter between the Mesoamerican and European worlds and invites us to rethink the multiple layers of meaning that have emerged from it.