1938 is the year in which racial laws were implemented in Italy. Even in areas with low Jewish presence, such as Sesto Fiorentino, the obligation to register, identify and supervise the few resident Jews was imposed. The chapters of this volume reconstruct the reflections and the consequences of this legislation. Through an investigation starting from the archives of Sesto Fiorentino, and then enriched with other sources, various aspects are explored: the census lists, the presence and surveillance of foreign Jews, the free internment, the application of the laws at school and in the Biblioteca Circolante. Unpublished material reconstructs the precepting of Jews from the Florentine area to work and on the fate of those who, after 1943, found themselves in Sesto Fiorentino.