How to address coexistence and education between diverse rationalities in South America, without one prevailing over the other? The question is faced by scholars from various Latin American countries, with Intercultural Bilingual Education and its implementation in their countries as their axis. They develop historical approaches to understand the disharmony that is observed today, which is a product of the strong sociocultural inequality, which has been built on a comparative basis of epistemologies of knowledge with mutually unintelligible roots. This has positioned a rationality and a method of knowledge as dominant and universal, which fundamentally impacts the lack of respect for the human rights of the descendants of indigenous peoples and all those different from the hegemonic social, cultural and biological pattern. .